В этой статье мы с вами рассмотрим и попробуем "на вкус" шикарнейшую и очень полезную Linux-утилиту dmidecode.
Эта утилита позволяет пользователю узнать практически, абсолютно всё о железе (компонентах/комплектующих) вашего компьютера/ноутбука.
У dmidecode нет GUI (графического интерфейса) и она является полностью консольной утилитой и при этом её возможности превосходят возможности графических аналогичных утилит.
И, соответственно, качество выводимой информации о параметрах той или иной железки в компьютере/ноутбуке.
На самом деле, есть достаточное колличество подобных утилит и с GUI (Графический интерфейс), таких, как:
- CPU-X (аналог CPU-Z для мелкософта)
- CPU-G
- Hardinfo
- I-Nex
и мн. мн. другие, но 👆
Если их сравнивать с dmidecode, то все, выше-перечисленные утилиты на порядок, а то и в разы уступают ей более убогой выдачей инофрмации о железе (компонентах/комплектующих) вашего компьтера/ноутбука.
Поэтому dmidecode, несмотря на её консольность, в списке подобных утилит занимает заслуженное — 1-е (первое) место!
Для того, чтобы познакомиться и опробовать dmidecode нам понадобиться Терминал (Ctrl+Alt+T).
Сразу хочу отметить, что данная утилита работает только от Суперпользователя, а значит, для её использования и запуска, перед вводом команд необходимо прописывать: sudo
или перевести Терминал в режим Суперпользователя: sudo su - — и использовать dmidecode без sudo, что не безопасно!!!
Итак, давайте для начала, мы с вами откроем Помощник по использованию dmidecode командой: dmidecode -h
или dmidecode --help
и посмотрим, какие основные команды нам предоставляет энтот Помощник по использованию dmidecode:
Usage: dmidecode [OPTIONS]
Options are:
-d, --dev-mem FILE Read memory from device FILE (default: /dev/mem)
-h, --help Display this help text and exit
-q, --quiet Less verbose output
-s, --string KEYWORD Only display the value of the given DMI string
-t, --type TYPE Only display the entries of given type
-H, --handle HANDLE Only display the entry of given handle
-u, --dump Do not decode the entries
--dump-bin FILE Dump the DMI data to a binary file
--from-dump FILE Read the DMI data from a binary file
--no-sysfs Do not attempt to read DMI data from sysfs files
--oem-string N Only display the value of the given OEM string
-V, --version Display the version and exit
И, чтобы понимать, "что, как и с чем его едят", посмотрим его перевод:
Использование: dmidecode [ВАРИАНТЫ]
Варианты команд:
-d, --dev-mem FILE Задать устройство для чтения данных DMI (по умолчанию - /dev/mem)
-h, --help Отобразить справку
-q, --quiet Минимальная детализация отображаемой информации DMI
-s, --string KEYWORD Отображать только данные DMI по соответствующему введёному ключевому слову
-t, --type TYPE Отображать только данные по указанному типу
-H, --handle HANDLE Отображать только заголовки записей и шестнадцатеричные значения полей
-u, --dump Не декодировать данные
--dump-bin FILE Запись дампа данных DMI в бинарный файл
--from-dump FILE Читать данные DMI из сохранённого банарного файла
--no-sysfs Не пытаться читать данные DMI из sysfs файлов
--oem-string N Отображать только значение данной OEM строки
-V, --version Отобразить версию программы и выйти
С помощником нам всё предельно понятно.
А теперь давайте выполним запуск самой утилиты и посмотрим, что она нам выдаст.
Открываем Терминал (Ctrl+Alt+T) и вводим: sudo dmidecode
В результате отработки данной команды, мы получим с вами полный, огромный, длиннющий вывод о параметрах всего железа (компонентов/комплектующих), что имеется в компьютере/ноутбуке, наподобие, как этот, ниже, в Спойлере (вывод параметров моего железа. У вас естественно будет другой, свой):
Вывод dmidecode:
SMBIOS 2.7 present.
78 structures occupying 2863 bytes.
Table at 0xDED5E018.
Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes
BIOS Information
Vendor: LENOVO
Version: IEKT40AUS
Release Date: 10/27/2016
Address: 0xF0000
Runtime Size: 64 kB
ROM Size: 4096 kB
Characteristics:
PCI is supported
BIOS is upgradeable
BIOS shadowing is allowed
Boot from CD is supported
Selectable boot is supported
BIOS ROM is socketed
EDD is supported
5.25"/1.2 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
3.5"/720 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
3.5"/2.88 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
Print screen service is supported (int 5h)
8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h)
Serial services are supported (int 14h)
Printer services are supported (int 17h)
ACPI is supported
USB legacy is supported
BIOS boot specification is supported
Targeted content distribution is supported
UEFI is supported
BIOS Revision: 1.40
Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes
System Information
Manufacturer: LENOVO
Product Name: 10130
Version: Lenovo H530
Serial Number: ES11953342
UUID: 0f82249c-1d6f-11e3-b7e2-b2db0cbd1400
Wake-up Type: Power Switch
SKU Number: LENOVO_MT_1013
Family: IdeaCentre
Handle 0x0002, DMI type 2, 15 bytes
Base Board Information
Manufacturer: LENOVO
Product Name: 367D
Version: 31900004 STD
Serial Number: ES11953342
Asset Tag:
Features:
Board is a hosting board
Board is replaceable
Location In Chassis: To be filled by O.E.M.
Chassis Handle: 0x0003
Type: Motherboard
Contained Object Handles: 0
Handle 0x0003, DMI type 3, 22 bytes
Chassis Information
Manufacturer: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Type: Desktop
Lock: Not Present
Version: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Serial Number: ES11953342
Asset Tag:
Boot-up State: Safe
Power Supply State: Safe
Thermal State: Safe
Security Status: None
OEM Information: 0x00000000
Height: Unspecified
Number Of Power Cords: 1
Contained Elements: 0
SKU Number: To be filled by O.E.M.
Handle 0x0004, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J1A1
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: PS2Mouse
External Connector Type: PS/2
Port Type: Mouse Port
Handle 0x0005, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J1A1
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: Keyboard
External Connector Type: PS/2
Port Type: Keyboard Port
Handle 0x0006, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J2A1
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: TV Out
External Connector Type: Mini Centronics Type-14
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x0007, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J2A2A
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: COM A
External Connector Type: DB-9 male
Port Type: Serial Port 16550A Compatible
Handle 0x0008, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J2A2B
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: Video
External Connector Type: DB-15 female
Port Type: Video Port
Handle 0x0009, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J3A1
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: USB1
External Connector Type: Access Bus (USB)
Port Type: USB
Handle 0x000A, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J3A1
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: USB2
External Connector Type: Access Bus (USB)
Port Type: USB
Handle 0x000B, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J3A1
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: USB3
External Connector Type: Access Bus (USB)
Port Type: USB
Handle 0x000C, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J9A1 - TPM HDR
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x000D, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J9C1 - PCIE DOCKING CONN
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x000E, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J2B3 - CPU FAN
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x000F, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J6C2 - EXT HDMI
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x0010, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J3C1 - GMCH FAN
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x0011, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J1D1 - ITP
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x0012, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J9E2 - MDC INTPSR
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x0013, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J9E4 - MDC INTPSR
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x0014, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J9E3 - LPC HOT DOCKING
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x0015, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J9E1 - SCAN MATRIX
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x0016, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J9G1 - LPC SIDE BAND
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x0017, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J8F1 - UNIFIED
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x0018, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J6F1 - LVDS
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x0019, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J2F1 - LAI FAN
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x001A, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J2G1 - GFX VID
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x001B, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J1G6 - AC JACK
Internal Connector Type: Other
External Reference Designator: Not Specified
External Connector Type: None
Port Type: Other
Handle 0x001C, DMI type 9, 17 bytes
System Slot Information
Designation: J6B2
Type: x16 PCI Express
Current Usage: In Use
Length: Long
ID: 0
Characteristics:
3.3 V is provided
Opening is shared
PME signal is supported
Bus Address: 0000:00:01.0
Handle 0x001D, DMI type 9, 17 bytes
System Slot Information
Designation: J6B1
Type: x1 PCI Express
Current Usage: In Use
Length: Short
ID: 1
Characteristics:
3.3 V is provided
Opening is shared
PME signal is supported
Bus Address: 0000:00:1c.3
Handle 0x001E, DMI type 9, 17 bytes
System Slot Information
Designation: J6D1
Type: x1 PCI Express
Current Usage: In Use
Length: Short
ID: 2
Characteristics:
3.3 V is provided
Opening is shared
PME signal is supported
Bus Address: 0000:00:1c.4
Handle 0x001F, DMI type 9, 17 bytes
System Slot Information
Designation: J7B1
Type: x1 PCI Express
Current Usage: In Use
Length: Short
ID: 3
Characteristics:
3.3 V is provided
Opening is shared
PME signal is supported
Bus Address: 0000:00:1c.5
Handle 0x0020, DMI type 9, 17 bytes
System Slot Information
Designation: J8B4
Type: x1 PCI Express
Current Usage: In Use
Length: Short
ID: 4
Characteristics:
3.3 V is provided
Opening is shared
PME signal is supported
Bus Address: 0000:00:1c.6
Handle 0x0021, DMI type 10, 12 bytes
On Board Device 1 Information
Type: Video
Status: Disabled
Description: Onboard Video
On Board Device 2 Information
Type: Ethernet
Status: Enabled
Description: Onboard Ethernet
On Board Device 3 Information
Type: Sound
Status: Disabled
Description: Onboard Audio
On Board Device 4 Information
Type: SATA Controller
Status: Enabled
Description: SATA controller
Handle 0x0022, DMI type 11, 5 bytes
OEM Strings
String 1: N/A
String 2: N/A
String 3: Lenovo Service Engine Not Supported
Handle 0x0023, DMI type 12, 5 bytes
System Configuration Options
Option 1: scre++
Handle 0x0024, DMI type 24, 5 bytes
Hardware Security
Power-On Password Status: Disabled
Keyboard Password Status: Enabled
Administrator Password Status: Disabled
Front Panel Reset Status: Not Implemented
Handle 0x0025, DMI type 32, 20 bytes
System Boot Information
Status: No errors detected
Handle 0x0026, DMI type 34, 11 bytes
Management Device
Description: LM78-1
Type: LM78
Address: 0x00000000
Address Type: I/O Port
Handle 0x0027, DMI type 26, 22 bytes
Voltage Probe
Description: LM78A
Location: <OUT OF SPEC>
Status: <OUT OF SPEC>
Maximum Value: Unknown
Minimum Value: Unknown
Resolution: Unknown
Tolerance: Unknown
Accuracy: Unknown
OEM-specific Information: 0x00000000
Nominal Value: Unknown
Handle 0x0028, DMI type 36, 16 bytes
Management Device Threshold Data
Lower Non-critical Threshold: 1
Upper Non-critical Threshold: 2
Lower Critical Threshold: 3
Upper Critical Threshold: 4
Lower Non-recoverable Threshold: 5
Upper Non-recoverable Threshold: 6
Handle 0x0029, DMI type 35, 11 bytes
Management Device Component
Description: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Management Device Handle: 0x0026
Component Handle: 0x0026
Threshold Handle: 0x0027
Handle 0x002A, DMI type 28, 22 bytes
Temperature Probe
Description: LM78A
Location: <OUT OF SPEC>
Status: <OUT OF SPEC>
Maximum Value: Unknown
Minimum Value: Unknown
Resolution: Unknown
Tolerance: Unknown
Accuracy: Unknown
OEM-specific Information: 0x00000000
Nominal Value: Unknown
Handle 0x002B, DMI type 36, 16 bytes
Management Device Threshold Data
Lower Non-critical Threshold: 1
Upper Non-critical Threshold: 2
Lower Critical Threshold: 3
Upper Critical Threshold: 4
Lower Non-recoverable Threshold: 5
Upper Non-recoverable Threshold: 6
Handle 0x002C, DMI type 35, 11 bytes
Management Device Component
Description: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Management Device Handle: 0x0026
Component Handle: 0x0029
Threshold Handle: 0x002A
Handle 0x002D, DMI type 27, 15 bytes
Cooling Device
Temperature Probe Handle: 0x002A
Type: <OUT OF SPEC>
Status: <OUT OF SPEC>
Cooling Unit Group: 1
OEM-specific Information: 0x00000000
Nominal Speed: Unknown Or Non-rotating
Description: Cooling Dev 1
Handle 0x002E, DMI type 36, 16 bytes
Management Device Threshold Data
Lower Non-critical Threshold: 1
Upper Non-critical Threshold: 2
Lower Critical Threshold: 3
Upper Critical Threshold: 4
Lower Non-recoverable Threshold: 5
Upper Non-recoverable Threshold: 6
Handle 0x002F, DMI type 35, 11 bytes
Management Device Component
Description: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Management Device Handle: 0x0026
Component Handle: 0x002C
Threshold Handle: 0x002D
Handle 0x0030, DMI type 27, 15 bytes
Cooling Device
Temperature Probe Handle: 0x002A
Type: <OUT OF SPEC>
Status: <OUT OF SPEC>
Cooling Unit Group: 1
OEM-specific Information: 0x00000000
Nominal Speed: Unknown Or Non-rotating
Description: Not Specified
Handle 0x0031, DMI type 36, 16 bytes
Management Device Threshold Data
Lower Non-critical Threshold: 1
Upper Non-critical Threshold: 2
Lower Critical Threshold: 3
Upper Critical Threshold: 4
Lower Non-recoverable Threshold: 5
Upper Non-recoverable Threshold: 6
Handle 0x0032, DMI type 35, 11 bytes
Management Device Component
Description: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Management Device Handle: 0x0026
Component Handle: 0x002F
Threshold Handle: 0x0030
Handle 0x0033, DMI type 29, 22 bytes
Electrical Current Probe
Description: ABC
Location: <OUT OF SPEC>
Status: <OUT OF SPEC>
Maximum Value: Unknown
Minimum Value: Unknown
Resolution: Unknown
Tolerance: Unknown
Accuracy: Unknown
OEM-specific Information: 0x00000000
Nominal Value: Unknown
Handle 0x0034, DMI type 36, 16 bytes
Management Device Threshold Data
Handle 0x0035, DMI type 35, 11 bytes
Management Device Component
Description: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Management Device Handle: 0x0026
Component Handle: 0x0032
Threshold Handle: 0x0030
Handle 0x0036, DMI type 26, 22 bytes
Voltage Probe
Description: LM78A
Location: Power Unit
Status: OK
Maximum Value: Unknown
Minimum Value: Unknown
Resolution: Unknown
Tolerance: Unknown
Accuracy: Unknown
OEM-specific Information: 0x00000000
Nominal Value: Unknown
Handle 0x0037, DMI type 28, 22 bytes
Temperature Probe
Description: LM78A
Location: Power Unit
Status: OK
Maximum Value: Unknown
Minimum Value: Unknown
Resolution: Unknown
Tolerance: Unknown
Accuracy: Unknown
OEM-specific Information: 0x00000000
Nominal Value: Unknown
Handle 0x0038, DMI type 27, 15 bytes
Cooling Device
Temperature Probe Handle: 0x0037
Type: Power Supply Fan
Status: OK
Cooling Unit Group: 1
OEM-specific Information: 0x00000000
Nominal Speed: Unknown Or Non-rotating
Description: Cooling Dev 1
Handle 0x0039, DMI type 29, 22 bytes
Electrical Current Probe
Description: ABC
Location: Power Unit
Status: OK
Maximum Value: Unknown
Minimum Value: Unknown
Resolution: Unknown
Tolerance: Unknown
Accuracy: Unknown
OEM-specific Information: 0x00000000
Nominal Value: Unknown
Handle 0x003A, DMI type 39, 22 bytes
System Power Supply
Power Unit Group: 1
Location: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Name: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Manufacturer: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Serial Number: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Asset Tag: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Model Part Number: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Revision: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Max Power Capacity: Unknown
Status: Present, OK
Type: Switching
Input Voltage Range Switching: Auto-switch
Plugged: Yes
Hot Replaceable: No
Input Voltage Probe Handle: 0x0036
Cooling Device Handle: 0x0038
Input Current Probe Handle: 0x0039
Handle 0x003B, DMI type 41, 11 bytes
Onboard DeviceУтилита dmidecode - мониторинг железа компьютера/ноутбука
Reference Designation: Onboard IGD
Type: Video
Status: Enabled
Type Instance: 1
Bus Address: 0000:00:02.0
Handle 0x003C, DMI type 41, 11 bytes
Onboard Device
Reference Designation: Onboard LAN
Type: Ethernet
Status: Enabled
Type Instance: 1
Bus Address: 0000:00:19.0
Handle 0x003D, DMI type 41, 11 bytes
Onboard Device
Reference Designation: Onboard 1394
Type: Other
Status: Enabled
Type Instance: 1
Bus Address: 0000:03:1c.2
Handle 0x003E, DMI type 4, 42 bytes
Processor Information
Socket Designation: SOCKET 0
Type: Central Processor
Family: Core i5
Manufacturer: Intel
ID: C3 06 03 00 FF FB EB BF
Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 60, Stepping 3
Flags:
FPU (Floating-point unit on-chip)
VME (Virtual mode extension)
DE (Debugging extension)
PSE (Page size extension)
TSC (Time stamp counter)
MSR (Model specific registers)
PAE (Physical address extension)
MCE (Machine check exception)
CX8 (CMPXCHG8 instruction supported)
APIC (On-chip APIC hardware supported)
SEP (Fast system call)
MTRR (Memory type range registers)
PGE (Page global enable)
MCA (Machine check architecture)
CMOV (Conditional move instruction supported)
PAT (Page attribute table)
PSE-36 (36-bit page size extension)
CLFSH (CLFLUSH instruction supported)
DS (Debug store)
ACPI (ACPI supported)
MMX (MMX technology supported)
FXSR (FXSAVE and FXSTOR instructions supported)
SSE (Streaming SIMD extensions)
SSE2 (Streaming SIMD extensions 2)
SS (Self-snoop)
HTT (Multi-threading)
TM (Thermal monitor supported)
PBE (Pending break enabled)
Version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4430 CPU @ 3.00GHz
Voltage: 1.2 V
External Clock: 100 MHz
Max Speed: 3000 MHz
Current Speed: 3000 MHz
Status: Populated, Enabled
Upgrade: Socket BGA1155
L1 Cache Handle: 0x0040
L2 Cache Handle: 0x003F
L3 Cache Handle: 0x0041
Serial Number: Not Specified
Asset Tag: Fill By OEM
Part Number: Fill By OEM
Core Count: 4
Core Enabled: 4
Thread Count: 4
Characteristics:
64-bit capable
Handle 0x003F, DMI type 7, 19 bytes
Cache Information
Socket Designation: CPU Internal L2
Configuration: Enabled, Not Socketed, Level 2
Operational Mode: Write Back
Location: Internal
Installed Size: 1024 kB
Maximum Size: 1024 kB
Supported SRAM Types:
Unknown
Installed SRAM Type: Unknown
Speed: Unknown
Error Correction Type: Single-bit ECC
System Type: Unified
Associativity: 8-way Set-associative
Handle 0x0040, DMI type 7, 19 bytes
Cache Information
Socket Designation: CPU Internal L1
Configuration: Enabled, Not Socketed, Level 1
Operational Mode: Write Back
Location: Internal
Installed Size: 256 kB
Maximum Size: 256 kB
Supported SRAM Types:
Unknown
Installed SRAM Type: Unknown
Speed: Unknown
Error Correction Type: Single-bit ECC
System Type: Other
Associativity: 8-way Set-associative
Handle 0x0041, DMI type 7, 19 bytes
Cache Information
Socket Designation: CPU Internal L3
Configuration: Enabled, Not Socketed, Level 3
Operational Mode: Write Back
Location: Internal
Installed Size: 6144 kB
Maximum Size: 6144 kB
Supported SRAM Types:
Unknown
Installed SRAM Type: Unknown
Speed: Unknown
Error Correction Type: Single-bit ECC
System Type: Unified
Associativity: 12-way Set-associative
Handle 0x0042, DMI type 16, 23 bytes
Physical Memory Array
Location: System Board Or Motherboard
Use: System Memory
Error Correction Type: None
Maximum Capacity: 16 GB
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Number Of Devices: 2
Handle 0x0043, DMI type 17, 34 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0042
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: 64 bits
Data Width: 64 bits
Size: 4096 MB
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: ChannelA-DIMM0
Bank Locator: BANK 0
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: 1600 MT/s
Manufacturer: 0467
Serial Number: 425F0473
Asset Tag: 9876543210
Part Number: RMR5030EB68F9W1600
Rank: 1
Configured Memory Speed: 1600 MT/s
Handle 0x0044, DMI type 15, 73 bytes
System Event Log
Area Length: 4096 bytes
Header Start Offset: 0x0000
Header Length: 16 bytes
Data Start Offset: 0x0010
Access Method: Memory-mapped physical 32-bit address
Access Address: 0xFFE0B000
Status: Valid, Not Full
Change Token: 0x00000001
Header Format: Type 1
Supported Log Type Descriptors: 25
Descriptor 1: Single-bit ECC memory error
Data Format 1: None
Descriptor 2: Multi-bit ECC memory error
Data Format 2: None
Descriptor 3: Parity memory error
Data Format 3: None
Descriptor 4: Bus timeout
Data Format 4: None
Descriptor 5: I/O channel block
Data Format 5: None
Descriptor 6: Software NMI
Data Format 6: None
Descriptor 7: POST memory resize
Data Format 7: None
Descriptor 8: POST error
Data Format 8: POST results bitmap
Descriptor 9: PCI parity error
Data Format 9: None
Descriptor 10: PCI system error
Data Format 10: None
Descriptor 11: CPU failure
Data Format 11: None
Descriptor 12: EISA failsafe timer timeout
Data Format 12: None
Descriptor 13: Correctable memory log disabled
Data Format 13: None
Descriptor 14: Logging disabled
Data Format 14: None
Descriptor 15: System limit exceeded
Data Format 15: None
Descriptor 16: Asynchronous hardware timer expired
Data Format 16: None
Descriptor 17: System configuration information
Data Format 17: None
Descriptor 18: Hard disk information
Data Format 18: None
Descriptor 19: System reconfigured
Data Format 19: None
Descriptor 20: Uncorrectable CPU-complex error
Data Format 20: None
Descriptor 21: Log area reset/cleared
Data Format 21: None
Descriptor 22: System boot
Data Format 22: None
Descriptor 23: End of log
Data Format 23: None
Descriptor 24: OEM-specific
Data Format 24: OEM-specific
Descriptor 25: OEM-specific
Data Format 25: OEM-specific
Handle 0x0045, DMI type 133, 5 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
85 05 45 00 01
Strings:
KHOIHGIUCCHHII
Handle 0x0046, DMI type 20, 35 bytes
Memory Device Mapped Address
Starting Address: 0x00000000000
Ending Address: 0x000FFFFFFFF
Range Size: 4 GB
Physical Device Handle: 0x0043
Memory Array Mapped Address Handle: 0x0049
Partition Row Position: Unknown
Interleave Position: Unknown
Interleaved Data Depth: Unknown
Handle 0x0047, DMI type 17, 34 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0042
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: 64 bits
Data Width: 64 bits
Size: 2048 MB
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: ChannelB-DIMM0
Bank Locator: BANK 2
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: 1600 MT/s
Manufacturer: 0467
Serial Number: 163C0F19
Asset Tag: 9876543210
Part Number: RMR5030ED58E8W1600
Rank: 1
Configured Memory Speed: 1600 MT/s
Handle 0x0048, DMI type 20, 35 bytes
Memory Device Mapped Address
Starting Address: 0x00100000000
Ending Address: 0x0017FFFFFFF
Range Size: 2 GB
Physical Device Handle: 0x0047
Memory Array Mapped Address Handle: 0x0049
Partition Row Position: Unknown
Interleave Position: Unknown
Interleaved Data Depth: Unknown
Handle 0x0049, DMI type 19, 31 bytes
Memory Array Mapped Address
Starting Address: 0x00000000000
Ending Address: 0x0017FFFFFFF
Range Size: 6 GB
Physical Array Handle: 0x0042
Partition Width: 2
Handle 0x004D, DMI type 136, 6 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
88 06 4D 00 00 00
Handle 0x004E, DMI type 131, 64 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
83 40 4E 00 31 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
F8 00 5C 8C 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 09 00
41 05 02 00 00 00 00 00 C8 00 FF FF 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 26 00 00 00 76 50 72 6F 00 00 00 00
Handle 0x004F, DMI type 13, 22 bytes
BIOS Language Information
Language Description Format: Long
Installable Languages: 3
en|US|iso8859-1
fr|FR|iso8859-1
zh|CN|unicode
Currently Installed Language: en|US|iso8859-1
Handle 0x0051, DMI type 127, 4 bytes
End Of Table
что является полной и исчерпывающей информацией обо всём, что есть в нашем компьютере/ноутбуке, но весьма неудобно для чтения и поиска конкретной информации о конкретной железке (компоненте/комплектующих), в виду объёма и длинности списка и трудности поиска нужного.
Но, если мы с вами откроем в Терминале Ман (man) - Интсрукцию по исользованию dmidecode: man dmidecode
то в его выводе в Терминале мы с вами обнаружим, что dmidecode позволяет нам осуществлять вывод сведений по конкретному сегменту железок (компонентов/комплектующих), что очень удобно, используя DMI-типы или Ключевые слова (см. ниже в Спойлере раздел DMI TYPES):
Вывод man dmidecode:
DMIDECODE(8) System Manager's Manual DMIDECODE(8)
NAME
dmidecode - DMI table decoder
SYNOPSIS
dmidecode [OPTIONS]
DESCRIPTION
dmidecode is a tool for dumping a computer's DMI (some say SMBIOS) ta‐
ble contents in a human-readable format. This table contains a descrip‐
tion of the system's hardware components, as well as other useful
pieces of information such as serial numbers and BIOS revision. Thanks
to this table, you can retrieve this information without having to
probe for the actual hardware. While this is a good point in terms of
report speed and safeness, this also makes the presented information
possibly unreliable.
The DMI table doesn't only describe what the system is currently made
of, it also can report the possible evolutions (such as the fastest
supported CPU or the maximal amount of memory supported).
SMBIOS stands for System Management BIOS, while DMI stands for Desktop
Management Interface. Both standards are tightly related and developed
by the DMTF (Desktop Management Task Force).
As you run it, dmidecode will try to locate the DMI table. It will
first try to read the DMI table from sysfs, and next try reading di‐
rectly from memory if sysfs access failed. If dmidecode succeeds in
locating a valid DMI table, it will then parse this table and display a
list of records like this one:
Handle 0x0002, DMI type 2, 8 bytes. Base Board Information
Manufacturer: Intel
Product Name: C440GX+
Version: 727281-001
Serial Number: INCY92700942
Each record has:
• A handle. This is a unique identifier, which allows records to refer‐
ence each other. For example, processor records usually reference
cache memory records using their handles.
• A type. The SMBIOS specification defines different types of elements
a computer can be made of. In this example, the type is 2, which
means that the record contains "Base Board Information".
• A size. Each record has a 4-byte header (2 for the handle, 1 for the
type, 1 for the size), the rest is used by the record data. This
value doesn't take text strings into account (these are placed at the
end of the record), so the actual length of the record may be (and is
often) greater than the displayed value.
• Decoded values. The information presented of course depends on the
type of record. Here, we learn about the board's manufacturer, model,
version and serial number.
OPTIONS
-d, --dev-mem FILE
Read memory from device FILE (default: /dev/mem)
-q, --quiet
Be less verbose. Unknown, inactive and OEM-specific entries are
not displayed. Meta-data and handle references are hidden.
-s, --string KEYWORD
Only display the value of the DMI string identified by KEYWORD.
KEYWORD must be a keyword from the following list: bios-vendor,
bios-version, bios-release-date, system-manufacturer, system-
product-name, system-version, system-serial-number, system-uuid,
system-family, baseboard-manufacturer, baseboard-product-name,
baseboard-version, baseboard-serial-number, baseboard-asset-tag,
chassis-manufacturer, chassis-type, chassis-version, chassis-se‐
rial-number, chassis-asset-tag, processor-family, processor-man‐
ufacturer, processor-version, processor-frequency. Each keyword
corresponds to a given DMI type and a given offset within this
entry type. Not all strings may be meaningful or even defined
on all systems. Some keywords may return more than one result on
some systems (e.g. processor-version on a multi-processor sys‐
tem). If KEYWORD is not provided or not valid, a list of all
valid keywords is printed and dmidecode exits with an error.
This option cannot be used more than once.
Note: on Linux, most of these strings can alternatively be read
directly from sysfs, typically from files under /sys/de‐
vices/virtual/dmi/id. Most of these files are even readable by
regular users.
-t, --type TYPE
Only display the entries of type TYPE. TYPE can be either a DMI
type number, or a comma-separated list of type numbers, or a
keyword from the following list: bios, system, baseboard, chas‐
sis, processor, memory, cache, connector, slot. Refer to the DMI
TYPES section below for details. If this option is used more
than once, the set of displayed entries will be the union of all
the given types. If TYPE is not provided or not valid, a list
of all valid keywords is printed and dmidecode exits with an er‐
ror.
-H, --handle HANDLE
Only display the entry whose handle matches HANDLE. HANDLE is a
16-bit integer.
-u, --dump
Do not decode the entries, dump their contents as hexadecimal
instead. Note that this is still a text output, no binary data
will be thrown upon you. The strings attached to each entry are
displayed as both hexadecimal and ASCII. This option is mainly
useful for debugging.
--dump-bin FILE
Do not decode the entries, instead dump the DMI data to a file
in binary form. The generated file is suitable to pass to
--from-dump later.
--from-dump FILE
Read the DMI data from a binary file previously generated using
--dump-bin.
--no-sysfs
Do not attempt to read DMI data from sysfs files. This is mainly
useful for debugging.
--oem-string N
Only display the value of the OEM string number N. The first OEM
string has number 1. With special value "count", return the num‐
ber of OEM strings instead.
-h, --help
Display usage information and exit
-V, --version
Display the version and exit
Options --string, --type, --dump-bin and --oem-string determine the
output format and are mutually exclusive.
Please note in case of dmidecode is run on a system with BIOS that
boasts new SMBIOS specification, which is not supported by the tool
yet, it will print out relevant message in addition to requested data
on the very top of the output. Thus informs the output data is not re‐
liable.
DMI TYPES
The SMBIOS specification defines the following DMI types:
Type Information
────────────────────────────────────────────
0 BIOS
1 System
2 Baseboard
3 Chassis
4 Processor
5 Memory Controller
6 Memory Module
7 Cache
8 Port Connector
9 System Slots
10 On Board Devices
11 OEM Strings
12 System Configuration Options
13 BIOS Language
14 Group Associations
15 System Event Log
16 Physical Memory Array
17 Memory Device
18 32-bit Memory Error
19 Memory Array Mapped Address
20 Memory Device Mapped Address
21 Built-in Pointing Device
22 Portable Battery
23 System Reset
24 Hardware Security
25 System Power Controls
26 Voltage Probe
27 Cooling Device
28 Temperature Probe
29 Electrical Current Probe
30 Out-of-band Remote Access
31 Boot Integrity Services
32 System Boot
33 64-bit Memory Error
34 Management Device
35 Management Device Component
36 Management Device Threshold Data
37 Memory Channel
38 IPMI Device
39 Power Supply
40 Additional Information
41 Onboard Devices Extended Information
42 Management Controller Host Interface
Additionally, type 126 is used for disabled entries and type 127 is an
end-of-table marker. Types 128 to 255 are for OEM-specific data.
dmidecode will display these entries by default, but it can only decode
them when the vendors have contributed documentation or code for them.
Keywords can be used instead of type numbers with --type. Each keyword
is equivalent to a list of type numbers:
Keyword Types
──────────────────────────────
bios 0, 13
system 1, 12, 15, 23, 32
baseboard 2, 10, 41
chassis 3
processor 4
memory 5, 6, 16, 17
cache 7
connector 8
slot 9
Keywords are matched case-insensitively. The following command lines
are equivalent:
• dmidecode --type 0 --type 13
• dmidecode --type 0,13
• dmidecode --type bios
• dmidecode --type BIOS
BINARY DUMP FILE FORMAT
The binary dump files generated by --dump-bin and read using --from-
dump are formatted as follows:
• The SMBIOS or DMI entry point is located at offset 0x00. It is
crafted to hard-code the table address at offset 0x20.
• The DMI table is located at offset 0x20.
FILES
/dev/mem /sys/firmware/dmi/tables/smbios_entry_point (Linux only)
/sys/firmware/dmi/tables/DMI (Linux only)
BUGS
More often than not, information contained in the DMI tables is inaccu‐
rate, incomplete or simply wrong.
AUTHORS
Alan Cox, Jean Delvare
SEE ALSO
biosdecode(8), mem(4), ownership(8), vpddecode(8)
dmidecode March 2012 DMIDECODE(8)
И теперь давайте конкретнее, отдельно рассмотрим список DMI-типов и Ключевых слов и примеры их исользования:
DMI TYPES
The SMBIOS specification defines the following DMI types:
Type Information
────────────────────────────────────────────
0 BIOS
1 System
2 Baseboard
3 Chassis
4 Processor
5 Memory Controller
6 Memory Module
7 Cache
8 Port Connector
9 System Slots
10 On Board Devices
11 OEM Strings
12 System Configuration Options
13 BIOS Language
14 Group Associations
15 System Event Log
16 Physical Memory Array
17 Memory Device
18 32-bit Memory Error
19 Memory Array Mapped Address
20 Memory Device Mapped Address
21 Built-in Pointing Device
22 Portable Battery
23 System Reset
24 Hardware Security
25 System Power Controls
26 Voltage Probe
27 Cooling Device
28 Temperature Probe
29 Electrical Current Probe
30 Out-of-band Remote Access
31 Boot Integrity Services
32 System Boot
33 64-bit Memory Error
34 Management Device
35 Management Device Component
36 Management Device Threshold Data
37 Memory Channel
38 IPMI Device
39 Power Supply
40 Additional Information
41 Onboard Devices Extended Information
42 Management Controller Host Interface
Additionally, type 126 is used for disabled entries and type 127 is an
end-of-table marker. Types 128 to 255 are for OEM-specific data.
dmidecode will display these entries by default, but it can only decode
them when the vendors have contributed documentation or code for them.
Keywords can be used instead of type numbers with --type. Each keyword
is equivalent to a list of type numbers:
Keyword Types
──────────────────────────────
bios 0, 13
system 1, 12, 15, 23, 32
baseboard 2, 10, 41
chassis 3
processor 4
memory 5, 6, 16, 17
cache 7
connector 8
slot 9
Keywords are matched case-insensitively. The following command lines
are equivalent:
• dmidecode --type 0 --type 13
• dmidecode --type 0,13
• dmidecode --type bios
• dmidecode --type BIOS
И давайте посмотрим на перевод DMI-типов и ключевых слов:
Тип Ключевое слово
──────────────────────────────
0 BIOS
1 Система
2 Материнская плата
3 Корпус
4 Процессор
5 Контроллер памяти
6 Модуль памяти
7 Кэш-память
8 Разъемы портов
9 Системные разъемы
10 Интегрированные устройства
11 OEM строка
12 Опции системной конфигурации
13 Язык BIOS
14 Групповые ассоциации
15 Журнал системных событий
16 Массив физической памяти
17 Устройство памяти
18 32-битные ошибки памяти
19 Отображаемый адрес массива памяти
20 Отображаемый адрес устройства памяти
21 Встроенное указывающее устройство
22 Портативная батарея
23 Перезапуск системы
24 Аппаратная безопасность
25 Система управления электропитанием
26 Датчик напряжения
27 Охлаждающее устройство
28 Датчик температуры
29 Датчик текущих параметров электропитания
30 Внешний удаленный доступ
31 Службы целостности загрузки
32 Загрузка системы
33 64-битовые ошибки памяти
34 Управляющее устройство
35 Компоненты управляющего устройства
36 Пороговые данные управляющего устройства
37 Канал памяти
38 IPMI Устройство
39 Блок питания
40 Добполнительная ифнормация
41 Расширенная ифнормация об устройствах на мат. плате
42 Интерфейс управления хост-контроллером
Дополнительно, тип 126 используется для отключенных параметров,
а тип 127 является маркером конца таблицы.
Типы с 128 по 255 предназначены для специальных OEM-данных.
dmidecode будет отображать эти параметры по умолчанию,
но он может декодировать их только в том случае,
если поставщики предоставили документацию или код для них.
Вместо номеров типов можно использовать Ключевые слова также с помощью тегов -t или--type.
Каждое ключевое слово эквивалентно списку номеров типов:
Кл. слово Тип
──────────────────────────────
bios 0, 13
system 1, 12, 15, 23, 32
baseboard 2, 10, 41
chassis 3
processor 4
memory 5, 6, 16, 17
cache 7
connector 8
slot 9
Ключевые слова подбираются без учета регистра.
Следующие команды эквивалентны (одинаковы по исполнению):
• dmidecode --type 0 --type 13
• dmidecode --type 0,13
• dmidecode --type bios
• dmidecode --type BIOS
или
• dmidecode -t 0 -t 13
• dmidecode -t 0,13
• dmidecode -t bios
• dmidecode -t BIOS
Как это работает?
Давайте на конкретных примерах с вами и посмотрим.
Например, давайте узнаем, а какое питание (вольты: 1.5 или 1.35) используется для нашего модуля(ей) памяти.
Согласно списку Типов и Ключевых слов, за вывод сведений об Устройсвах памяти (Memory Devices) отвечают:
- Тип: 17
- Ключевое слово: Memory Device
И, соответсвтенно, для выполнения нашей задачи мы выполним в Терминале (Ctrl+Alt+T) по очереди следующие команды:
(данная команда даст вывод не конкретно по питанию, а по всем параметрам модулей памяти) sudo dmidecode --type 17 sudo dmidecode -t 17 sudo dmidecode --type Memory Device sudo dmidecode -t Memory Device sudo dmidecode --type memory Device sudo dmidecode -t memory device
В результате, во всех случаях мы получим абсолютно один и тот же, одинаковый результат и вывод, кстати, наглядно говорящий нам о нашей "хотелке" - питании модуля памяти - в самой нижней строке, а именно - Configured Voltage: 1.35 V (см. в Спойлере):
Вывод dmidecode:
# dmidecode 3.1
Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0018, DMI type 17, 40 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0005
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: Other
Set: None
Locator: Bottom-Slot 1(top)
Bank Locator: ChannelA
Type: Unknown
Type Detail: None
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: Not Specified
Serial Number: Not Specified
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Part Number: Not Specified
Rank: Unknown
Configured Clock Speed: Unknown
Minimum Voltage: Unknown
Maximum Voltage: Unknown
Configured Voltage: Unknown
Handle 0x0006, DMI type 17, 40 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0005
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: 64 bits
Data Width: 64 bits
Size: 4096 MB
Form Factor: SODIMM
Set: None
Locator: Bottom-Slot 2(under)
Bank Locator: ChannelB
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous Unbuffered (Unregistered)
Speed: 1600 MT/s
Manufacturer: Ramaxel
Serial Number: 436BC413
Asset Tag: 9876543210
Part Number: RMT3170MN68F9F1600
Rank: 1
Configured Clock Speed: 1600 MT/s
Minimum Voltage: Unknown
Maximum Voltage: Unknown
Configured Voltage: 1.35 V
Ну, и для примера, давайте выведем с вами сведения, к примеру, о двух устройствах на нашем компьютере/ноутбуке одной командой (разные варианты написания).
Например о наших Корпусе (Chassis) и Процессоре (Processor):
- Типы: 3 и 4
- Ключевые слова: Chassis и Processor
И также, в результате выполнения любой из команд, получим один и тот же вывод, но уже о двух устройствах (см. в Спойлере):
Вывод dmidecode:
# dmidecode 3.2
Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0003, DMI type 3, 22 bytes
Chassis Information
Manufacturer: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Type: Desktop
Lock: Not Present
Version: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Serial Number: ES11953342
Asset Tag:
Boot-up State: Safe
Power Supply State: Safe
Thermal State: Safe
Security Status: None
OEM Information: 0x00000000
Height: Unspecified
Number Of Power Cords: 1
Contained Elements: 0
SKU Number: To be filled by O.E.M.
Handle 0x003E, DMI type 4, 42 bytes
Processor Information
Socket Designation: SOCKET 0
Type: Central Processor
Family: Core i5
Manufacturer: Intel
ID: C3 06 03 00 FF FB EB BF
Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 60, Stepping 3
Flags:
FPU (Floating-point unit on-chip)
VME (Virtual mode extension)
DE (Debugging extension)
PSE (Page size extension)
TSC (Time stamp counter)
MSR (Model specific registers)
PAE (Physical address extension)
MCE (Machine check exception)
CX8 (CMPXCHG8 instruction supported)
APIC (On-chip APIC hardware supported)
SEP (Fast system call)
MTRR (Memory type range registers)
PGE (Page global enable)
MCA (Machine check architecture)
CMOV (Conditional move instruction supported)
PAT (Page attribute table)
PSE-36 (36-bit page size extension)
CLFSH (CLFLUSH instruction supported)
DS (Debug store)
ACPI (ACPI supported)
MMX (MMX technology supported)
FXSR (FXSAVE and FXSTOR instructions supported)
SSE (Streaming SIMD extensions)
SSE2 (Streaming SIMD extensions 2)
SS (Self-snoop)
HTT (Multi-threading)
TM (Thermal monitor supported)
PBE (Pending break enabled)
Version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4430 CPU @ 3.00GHz
Voltage: 1.2 V
External Clock: 100 MHz
Max Speed: 3000 MHz
Current Speed: 3000 MHz
Status: Populated, Enabled
Upgrade: Socket BGA1155
L1 Cache Handle: 0x0040
L2 Cache Handle: 0x003F
L3 Cache Handle: 0x0041
Serial Number: Not Specified
Asset Tag: Fill By OEM
Part Number: Fill By OEM
Core Count: 4
Core Enabled: 4
Thread Count: 4
Characteristics:
64-bit capable
Таким образом можно легко получить полный и исчерпывающий вывод информации о всех параметрах присутствующих в вашем компьютере/ноутбуке железок с помощью данной утилиты и теперь мы с вами знаем и умеем ей пользоваться и применять.
Всем приятного пользования утилитой dmidecode и успехов!!!
P.S. Если у вас появились вопросы или мнения по данной статье, обсудить их можно на нашем форуме:
Геморрой для продвинутых ОБЕЗЬЯН - http://linux-bash.ru/menusistem/106-dmidecode.html Удалять комменты - ПРОСТО, на а думать ГОЛОВОЙ НЕВОЗМОЖНО!!! Удачи ТЕБЕ ОБЕЗЬЯНКА!!! ВСЁ ГЕНИАЛЬННОЕ ПРОСТО. И ВСЁ ПРОСТОЕ ГЕНИАЛЬНО.....
Владимир, здравствуйте. Ууупссс. Вижу заблокированного. И вообще, побродила по Вашему блогу. Это же надо во всём этом так разбираться. Представить даже не могу себе. Здорово.
В этой статье мы с вами рассмотрим и попробуем "на вкус" шикарнейшую и очень полезную Linux-утилиту dmidecode.
Спасибо за очень полезную информацию!
ОтветитьУдалитьДа, не за что.
УдалитьГлавное, Вам в помощь...
Геморрой для продвинутых ОБЕЗЬЯН - http://linux-bash.ru/menusistem/106-dmidecode.html
ОтветитьУдалитьУдалять комменты - ПРОСТО, на а думать ГОЛОВОЙ НЕВОЗМОЖНО!!!
Удачи ТЕБЕ ОБЕЗЬЯНКА!!!
ВСЁ ГЕНИАЛЬННОЕ ПРОСТО. И ВСЁ ПРОСТОЕ ГЕНИАЛЬНО.....
Владимир, здравствуйте. Ууупссс. Вижу заблокированного. И вообще, побродила по Вашему блогу. Это же надо во всём этом так разбираться. Представить даже не могу себе. Здорово.
ОтветитьУдалитьЗдравствуйте, много-уважаемая, Вика!
УдалитьДа, вот, побаливаем этим...
Спасибо за добрые слова!!!
Туалетная бумага ТЕБЕ В ПОМОЩЬ!!!Твой анус заменяет тебе МОЗГИ!!!
ОтветитьУдалитьЭтот комментарий был удален автором.
ОтветитьУдалитьИнтсрукцию ---очепятка
ОтветитьУдалить